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Every dataset we draw on, who publishes it, and what it covers.

  1. Broad Overview of Monthly Renewable Energy Generation
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, March 2026 edition (full year FY2025-26, with FY2024-25 for comparison), dated 5 May 2026. cea.nic.in
    Grid-connected utility generation by source for FY2025-26 and FY2024-25 (Table 1), and thermal, gas, nuclear, large hydro and renewables for all India (Table 6). Large hydro excludes imports from Bhutan. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  2. CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, Version 22.0, August 2026. cea.nic.in
    All-India grid emission factors in tCO2 per MWh for FY2016-17 to FY2025-26, including the weighted average emission rate we use (Results sheet, row 14). The CEA publishes a user guide alongside the database. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  3. Physical Achievements: programme and scheme-wise cumulative physical progress
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Monthly; data as on 30 September 2026. mnre.gov.in
    Cumulative installed capacity of solar (ground-mounted, rooftop, hybrid, off-grid), wind, small hydro, bio-power, large hydro (as reported by CEA, including pumped storage), nuclear, and total non-fossil capacity. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  4. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana national portal: scheme achievement and state-wise progress
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Updated daily; figures as on 5 November 2026. pmsuryaghar.gov.in
    Applications, rooftop systems installed, households benefiting, capacity and subsidy released under the scheme, national and by state. Excludes rooftop solar installed outside the scheme. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  5. Vahan public dashboard: vehicle registrations by fuel, category and month
    Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), Monthly table pulled 6 November 2026. analytics.parivahan.gov.in
    New vehicle registrations by fuel, vehicle category, state and month, for all 36 states and union territories. Counts are revised as late registrations arrive. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  6. Broad Overview of Monthly Renewable Energy Generation
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, March 2024 edition. cea.nic.in
    Renewable and large hydro generation by source for FY2023-24 and FY2022-23 (Table 1). Accessed 2026-11-06.
  7. Broad Overview of Monthly Renewable Energy Generation
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, March 2023 edition. cea.nic.in
    Renewable generation by source for FY2022-23 and FY2021-22 (Table 1). No large hydro. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  8. Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Report (Broad Overview)
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, March 2021 edition. cea.nic.in
    Renewable generation by source for FY2020-21 and FY2019-20 (Table 1). No large hydro. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  9. All India Electricity Statistics: General Review 2025
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, Data to FY2023-24, November 2025. cea.nic.in
    Gross utility generation by mode for every year to FY2023-24 (Table 1.3). We use it for large hydro in FY2019-20 to FY2021-22. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  10. India achieves landmark 300 GW non-fossil fuel power capacity
    Press Information Bureau, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Release 2296782, 9 August 2026. www.pib.gov.in
    The official 2030 goal of 500 GW of non-fossil power capacity. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  11. Renewable energy integration (Rajya Sabha reply)
    Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Power, Release 2236994, 9 March 2026. www.pib.gov.in
    The PM Surya Ghar goal: rooftop solar in one crore households in the residential sector by FY2026-27. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  12. World Energy Outlook 2024
    International Energy Agency (IEA), 2024 edition; Annex A licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. www.iea.org
    India electricity and heat sector CO2 emissions in Mt: history to 2023 and Stated Policies and Announced Pledges projections for 2030, 2035 and 2050 (Annex A, Table A.30, p. 326). Accessed 2026-11-06.
  13. Office memorandum 283/59/2024-GRID SOLAR: amendment to the ALMM order for solar PV cells
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), 9 December 2024. cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in
    ALMM List-II for solar cells, effective 1 June 2026, and its reach to net-metering and open-access projects. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  14. Office memorandum 283/63/2025-GRID SOLAR: no blanket extension of ALMM List-II beyond 1 June 2026
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), 25 May 2026. mnre.gov.in
    Refusal of a blanket extension, with case-by-case relief criteria. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  15. Office memorandum 283/54/2026-GRID SOLAR: ALMM List-II for solar PV cells, clarification
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), 4 August 2026. mnre.gov.in
    Exemptions for net-metering and open-access projects to 31 December 2026 and for some PM Surya Ghar homes to 31 March 2027. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  16. ALMM List-II for solar PV cells, revision 12
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Additions dated 8 October 2026. mnre.gov.in
    Latest cell manufacturers added to List-II. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  17. S.O. 4259(E): PM E-DRIVE scheme
    Ministry of Heavy Industries, Gazette of India, 29 September 2024. pmedrive.heavyindustries.gov.in
    Scheme launch, original outlay and components, and the e-voucher process. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  18. S.O. 1617(E): amendment to the PM E-DRIVE scheme
    Ministry of Heavy Industries, Gazette of India, 27 March 2026. pmedrive.heavyindustries.gov.in
    End dates for electric two-wheeler and e-rickshaw incentives. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  19. S.O. 4424(E): amendment to the PM E-DRIVE scheme
    Ministry of Heavy Industries, Gazette of India, 10 August 2026. pmedrive.heavyindustries.gov.in
    Outlay of ₹11,900 crore, two-wheeler incentive rates, caps and budget to 31 March 2028. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  20. Viability gap funding scheme for battery energy storage systems, guidelines with amendments
    Ministry of Power (copy hosted by Solar Energy Corporation of India), Guidelines 9 June 2025; amendments 4 August and 22 September 2025. www.seci.co.in
    ₹5,400 crore for 30 GWh of battery storage at ₹18 lakh per MWh, state allocations, design and payment rules. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  21. Sharing of Inter-State Transmission Charges and Losses (Fourth Amendment) Regulations, 2025
    Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), 26 June 2025. www.cercind.gov.in
    Phase-out schedule of the transmission charge waiver for solar, wind, battery storage and pumped hydro. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  22. Waiver of inter-state transmission charges for energy storage systems, with earlier waiver orders
    Ministry of Power, Order of 10 June 2025, compiled with orders from 2018 to 2023. powermin.gov.in
    Storage waiver to June 2028 and the original 2021 phase-out schedule. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  23. Order in Case No. 75 of 2025: review of the MSEDCL multi-year tariff order, with revised tariffs for FY2025-26 to FY2029-30
    Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC), Order dated 25 March 2026. www.mahadiscom.in
    MSEDCL residential slab tariffs for FY2026-27 (Annexure II), billing rules for rooftop solar homes, and the grid support charge exemption up to 10 kW. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  24. Multi-year tariff order for MSEDCL, Case No. 217 of 2024
    Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC), Order dated 28 March 2025. www.mahadiscom.in
    Slab (telescopic) billing kept for residential rooftop solar consumers; average power exchange prices by time of day. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  25. Grid Interactive Rooftop Renewable Energy Generating Systems Regulations, 2019
    Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC). www.mahadiscom.in
    Net metering rules: transformer and sanctioned-load limits, monthly carry-forward, year-end settlement. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  26. Draft Grid Interactive Rooftop Renewable Energy Generating Systems Regulations, 2026
    Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC), Draft, public notice 22 September 2026. merc.gov.in
    Proposed changes to banking and surplus purchase for new rooftop applications. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  27. Guidelines for PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, central financial assistance to residential consumers
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Office memorandum of 7 June 2024, as amended to 31 August 2026. pmsuryaghar.gov.in
    Benchmark system cost, subsidy structure, maintenance and warranty terms, technical specifications, scheme period. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  28. PVWatts v8 model: 1 kW fixed rooftop system in Pune
    National Laboratory of the Rockies, US Department of Energy, PVWatts API v8.5.0 (latitude 18.52, longitude 73.86, tilt 18°, azimuth 180°, 14% losses). pvwatts.nlr.gov
    Modelled electricity output per kW installed, by month and year. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  29. Frequently asked questions: solar rooftop system
    Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), via Press Information Bureau, 28 April 2022. static.pib.gov.in
    Roof area needed per kW and typical daily output per kW. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  30. Daily power supply position report, 21 May 2026
    Grid Controller of India (Grid-India), National Load Despatch Centre, Reported 22 May 2026. webcdn.grid-india.in
    Record peak demand and its timing, generation by source by 15-minute block. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  31. India country overview
    Ember, Updated 30 October 2026; data for 2025. ember-energy.org
    Solar and clean shares of India's electricity and change in coal generation, calendar 2025. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  32. Global Electricity Review 2026: 2025 in review
    Ember, 2026 edition. ember-energy.org
    India's solar growth and fossil generation change in 2025. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  33. Beyond capacity: why India's power system must get flexible to harness its solar potential
    Ember, 27 January 2026. ember-energy.org
    Curtailment, coal minimum load, hydro flexibility, operating storage. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  34. India needs 10 GWh of battery storage now to stop coal's inflexibility wasting clean power
    Ember, 17 June 2026. ember-energy.org
    FY2025-26 curtailment, near-term battery need. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  35. Batteries have unlocked the era of anytime solar
    Ember, 12 August 2026. ember-energy.org
    India's daily fossil generation profile in the first half of 2026; battery cost decline. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  36. Power generation capacity from various sources (Lok Sabha reply)
    Ministry of Power, via Press Information Bureau, 12 March 2026; capacity as on 31 January 2026. www.pib.gov.in
    Installed capacity by source and additions in FY2025-26 to January. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  37. Grid stability and energy storage (Rajya Sabha reply)
    Ministry of Power, via Press Information Bureau, 27 July 2026. www.pib.gov.in
    Battery and pumped storage needs in the National Electricity Plan; viability gap funding. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  38. Result: assured peak supply of 4,800 MWh (1,200 MW for 4 hours), SECI-FDRE-VII
    Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), e-reverse auction of 5 February 2026. www.seci.co.in
    Capacity bid and awarded, and tariffs. Accessed 2026-11-06.
  39. Broad Overview of Monthly Renewable Energy Generation
    Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Ministry of Power, March 2025 edition. cea.nic.in
    Generation by source for FY2024-25 (Table 1) and fossil and non-fossil generation for all India (Table 6). Accessed 2026-11-06.
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